$A$ nucleus $^{A}_{Z} X$ has mass represented by $M(A, Z)$. If $M_p$ and $M_n$ denote the mass of a proton and a neutron respectively, and $B.E.$ is the binding energy in $MeV$, then:

The electrostatic energy of $Z$ protons uniformly distributed throughout a spherical nucleus of radius $R$ is given by $E = \frac{3}{5} \frac{Z(Z-1) e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 R}$. The measured masses of the neutron,${ }_1^1 H$,${ }_7^{15} N$,and ${ }_8^{15} O$ are $1.008665 \ u$,$1.007825 \ u$,$15.000109 \ u$,and $15.003065 \ u$,respectively. Given that the radii of both the ${ }_7^{15} N$ and ${ }_8^{15} O$ nuclei are the same,$1 \ u = 931.5 \ MeV/c^2$ ($c$ is the speed of light),and $e^2 / (4 \pi \varepsilon_0) = 1.44 \ MeV \ fm$. Assuming that the difference between the binding energies of ${ }_7^{15} N$ and ${ }_8^{15} O$ is purely due to the electrostatic energy,the radius of either of the nuclei is $(1 \ fm = 10^{-15} \ m)$: (in $fm$)

The mass of a $H$-atom is less than the sum of the masses of a proton and an electron. Why is this?

The mass defect in a particular nuclear reaction is $0.3 \,g$. The amount of energy liberated in kilowatt-hour $(kWh)$ is: (Velocity of light $c = 3 \times 10^8 \,m/s$)

If an electron and a positron annihilate,then the energy released is

Calculate the energy equivalent of $1 \ g$ of substance.