The initial activity of a radioactive element is $1600$. After $t = 8 \, s$,the activity becomes $100$. What is the activity at $t = 6 \, s$?

At any instant,two elements $X_1$ and $X_2$ have the same number of radioactive atoms. If the decay constants of $X_1$ and $X_2$ are $10\lambda$ and $\lambda$ respectively,then the time when the ratio of their atoms becomes $\frac{1}{e}$ will be:

$A$ radioactive element $ThA$ $(_{84}Po^{216})$ can undergo $\alpha$ and $\beta$ types of disintegrations with half-lives $T_1$ and $T_2$ respectively. Then the effective half-life of $ThA$ is:

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y}(1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x})(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp(\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z(\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1-a)}{(1+a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| \ll 1$,$\ln(1+x) \approx x$ up to the first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

The half-life of a radioactive element $X$ is equal to the mean life of another radioactive element $Y$. Initially, the number of atoms for both is the same. Then:

$A$ radioactive element initially has $4 \times 10^{16}$ active nuclei. If its half-life is $10 \ days$,find the number of nuclei that have decayed in $30 \ days$.