Two electric charges $+q$ and $+q$ are placed at a distance $r$. The force between them is $F$. If one charge is fixed and the other moves in a circle of radius $r$,the work done will be .......

$(a)$ In a quark model of elementary particles,a neutron is made of one up quark [ charge $\frac{2}{3}e$ ] and two down quarks [ charges $-\frac{1}{3}e$ ]. Assume that they have a triangle configuration with side length of the order of ${10^{ - 15}} \ m$. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the neutron and compare it with its mass $939 \ MeV$. $(b)$ Repeat the above exercise for a proton which is made of two up and one down quark.

An oil drop of $12$ excess electrons is held stationary under a constant electric field of $2.55 \times 10^{4} \; N \, C^{-1}$ (Millikan's oil drop experiment). The density of the oil is $1.26 \; g \, cm^{-3}$. Estimate the radius of the drop. $(g = 9.81 \; m \, s^{-2}; e = 1.60 \times 10^{-19} \; C)$

Three charged particles of each mass $0.1 \,g$ and charge $q$ are suspended from a common rigid point by insulated massless threads of each $1 \,m$ long. If the three particles are in equilibrium and are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side $3 \,cm$, the charge $q$ on each particle is . . . . . . $nC$. (The angle made by the line joining the centroid of the triangle and the point of suspension with the vertical is very small). (Acceleration due to gravity $= 10 \,ms^{-2}$ and $\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} = 9 \times 10^9 \,Nm^2 C^{-2}$)

Two point charges $A$ and $B$ with magnitudes $+4q$ and $-4q$ are placed along a line separated by a distance $r$. The force acting between them is $F$. If $25\%$ of the charge from point $A$ is transferred to point $B$,the force between the charges now becomes:

The law governing the force between electric charges is known as