The method of asexual reproduction in algae is -

Which of the following statements is correct?

Three concentric spherical shells have radii $a, b,$ and $c$ $(a < b < c)$ and have surface charge densities $\sigma, -\sigma,$ and $\sigma$ respectively. If the potentials on the surfaces of these shells are $V_A, V_B,$ and $V_C$ respectively,then for $c = a + b$,which of the following is true?

Three moles of an ideal monoatomic gas undergo a cyclic process as shown in the figure. The temperatures of the gas in different states marked as $1, 2, 3$ and $4$ are $400 \ K, 700 \ K, 2500 \ K$ and $1100 \ K$ respectively. The work done by the gas during the process $1-2-3-4-1$ is (universal gas constant is $R$): (in $R$)

Which of the following is not a colligative property?

Which classification system was proposed by $R.H. Whittaker$?