$A$ ray of light enters from a rarer to a denser medium. The angle of incidence is $i$. Then the reflected and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular to each other. The critical angle for the pair of media is

$A$ rod of glass $(\mu = 1.5)$ with a square cross-section is bent into the shape shown in the figure. $A$ parallel beam of light falls on the plane flat surface $A$ as shown. If $d$ is the width of a side and $R$ is the radius of the inner circular arc,what is the maximum value of $\frac{d}{R}$ such that the light entering the glass slab through surface $A$ emerges from the glass through $B$?

$(a)$ Figure shows a cross-section of a 'light pipe' made of a glass fibre of refractive index $1.68$. The outer covering of the pipe is made of a material of refractive index $1.44$. What is the range of the angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total internal reflections inside the pipe take place,as shown in the figure.
$(b)$ What is the answer if there is no outer covering of the pipe?

If the critical angle for total internal reflection from a medium to vacuum is $30^{\circ}$,then the velocity of light in the medium is:

With respect to air,the critical angle in a medium for red light of wavelength $\lambda_1$ is $\theta$. Other facts remaining same,the critical angle for yellow light of wavelength $\lambda_2$ will be

In total internal reflection,when the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle for the pair of media in contact,what will be the angle of refraction in degrees?