Which of the following is the correct reason for the extinction of Abingdon tortoises in the Galapagos Islands?

When pheromones are secreted onto the skin surface,their scent affects . . . . . . .

What are the organisms that feed on plant sap and other plant parts called?

Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of

Select the correct match.

$(I)$ Interaction	$(II)$ Effect
$(a) (+, -)$	$(P)$ Amensalism
$(b) (-, -)$	$(Q)$ Commensalism
$(c) (-, 0)$	$(R)$ Predation
$(d) (+, 0)$	$(S)$ Competition

$A$ female fig wasp enters the syconium of a fig,pollinates the flowers and lays eggs in the ovaries of some of the flowers. The young larvae grow up,eat (and kill) some,but not all of the seeds and complete their life cycle.
The fig is completely dependent on fig wasps to pollinate its flowers and the fig wasp requires figs to complete its life cycle.
The interaction between figs and fig wasps has aspects of:
$I.$ mutualism
$II.$ host-parasite interaction
$III.$ competition
$IV.$ ammensalism
$V.$ protocooperation
Select the correct option.