Write about the production,physical properties,uses,and denaturation of ethanol.

(N/A) Production of Ethanol: The production of ethanol is described as follows:
$(i)$ Fermentation of Sugars: This is the oldest method. Sugars from molasses,sugarcane,or fruits like grapes are fermented in the presence of the enzyme invertase to produce glucose and fructose.
$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_{2}O \xrightarrow{\text{invertase}} C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} + C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$
Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula $C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ but different structures. The enzyme zymase is obtained from yeast. Fermentation of glucose and fructose by zymase produces ethanol.
$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} \longrightarrow 2C_{2}H_{5}OH + 2CO_{2}$
$(ii)$ Ethanol from Grapes: When grapes ripen,the quantity of sugar increases,and yeast grows on the surface of the ripe grapes. When the grape sugar and the zymase in the yeast come into contact,fermentation begins. Fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen),releasing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
If the concentration of alcohol produced exceeds $14\%$,the action of zymase is inhibited. If air enters the fermentation mixture,oxygen in the air oxidizes ethanol to ethanoic acid,which spoils the taste of alcoholic beverages.
$(b)$ Physical Properties: Ethanol is a colorless liquid. Its boiling point is $351\,K$.
$(c)$ Uses: It is used as a solvent in the paint industry and for the synthesis of many organic compounds.
$(d)$ Denaturation of Alcohol: Industrial alcohol is made unfit for drinking by adding small amounts of copper sulfate to give it color and pyridine to make it foul-smelling. This process is called denaturation of alcohol.