(A) The hardness of water is caused by the presence of calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ and magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$ ions. Calgon (sodium hexametaphosphate,$Na_6P_6O_

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(A) The hardness of water is caused by the presence of calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ and magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$ ions. Calgon (sodium hexametaphosphate,$Na_6P_6O_{18}$) is a well-known method used for water softening. It works by sequestering these ions into soluble complexes,thereby removing the hardness of water.