Write a formula showing the relation between half-life and average life of a radioactive substance.

Given below are two statements:
Statement $I$: The law of radioactive decay states that the number of nuclei undergoing the decay per unit time is directly proportional to the total number of nuclei in the sample.
Statement $II$: The half-life of a radionuclide is the time required for the number of radioactive nuclei to reduce to half of its initial value at time $t = 0$.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

The half-lives of $X$ and $Y$ are $3 \ min$ and $27 \ min$ respectively. If they have the same activity at a certain instant,find the ratio of the number of excited nuclei of $X$ and $Y$ at that instant.

The rate of radioactive disintegration at an instant for a radioactive sample of half-life $2.2 \times 10^9 \; s$ is $10^{10} \; s^{-1}$. The number of radioactive atoms in that sample at that instant is,

The half-life of $^{215}At$ is $100 \mu s$. The time taken for the radioactivity of a sample of $^{215}At$ to decay to $\frac{1}{16}$ of its initial value is .........$\mu s$.

The fossil bone has a ${}^{14}C:{}^{12}C$ ratio,which is $\frac{1}{16}$ of that in a living animal bone. If the half-life of ${}^{14}C$ is $5730 \, years$,then the age of the fossil bone is .......... $years$.