Why do we need to adopt contraceptive measures?

What is the typical duration of a menstrual cycle in human females?

Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on slices of bread are:
$(i)$ Large number of spores
$(ii)$ Availability of moisture and nutrients in bread
$(iii)$ Presence of tubular branched hyphae
$(iv)$ Formation of round shaped sporangia

The process of spore formation takes place in many simple multicellular organisms which have certain reproductive parts that can be identified.
$(a)$ Name the organism using this process.
$(b)$ Name the reproductive and non-reproductive parts of such organisms.

What are the functions of the testes in a young male?

$(a)$ Give the functions of $(i)$ Stigma $(ii)$ Ovary. $(b)$ State in brief the formation of seed in a flower.