(A) The mutagenic effect of $X$-rays was discovered by $H.J. Muller$ in $1927$. He demonstrated that $X$-rays could induce mutations in the fruit fly,

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(A) The mutagenic effect of $X$-rays was discovered by $H.J. Muller$ in $1927$. He demonstrated that $X$-rays could induce mutations in the fruit fly,$Drosophila$ $melanogaster$. This discovery provided significant evidence for the role of radiation in causing genetic variations.