Which of the following is/are considered hard | vedclass

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(C) Hard water is defined as water that contains dissolved salts of calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ or magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$ ions. $A$. Potash alum is $K_2SO_4 \c

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Water containing calcium nitrate

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(C) Hard water is defined as water that contains dissolved salts of calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ or magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$ ions. $A$. Potash alum is $K_2SO_4 \cdot Al_2(SO_4)_3 \cdot 24H_2O$,which provides $Al^{3+}$ ions,but hard water is specifically characterized by $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions. However,in many contexts,the presence of polyvalent cations makes water hard. $B$. $HCl$ provides $H^+$ ions,which does not cause hardness. $C$. Calcium nitrate $Ca(NO_3)_2$ provides $Ca^{2+}$ ions,which causes permanent hardness. Since the definition of hard water is based on the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions,option $C$ is the most accurate. However,if the question implies polyvalent cations,$A$ and $C$ are relevant. Given the options,$C$ is the standard answer for hard water.

Which of the following is/are considered hard water?

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