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(D) The stability of oxidation states in $p$-block elements is governed by the inert pair effect.$(a)$ Incorrect: $Pb^{+2} > Pb^{+4}$ is correct,but $

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$c$ and $e$

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(D) The stability of oxidation states in $p$-block elements is governed by the inert pair effect.$(a)$ Incorrect: $Pb^{+2} > Pb^{+4}$ is correct,but $Tl^{+1} > Tl^{+3}$ is correct due to the inert pair effect.$(b)$ Incorrect: $Bi^{+3} > Sb^{+3}$ is correct (stability of $+3$ increases down the group),and $Sn^{+2} $(c)$ Correct: $Pb^{+2} > Pb^{+4}$ is correct (inert pair effect),and $Bi^{+3} > Bi^{+5}$ is correct (inert pair effect).$(d)$ Incorrect: $Tl^{+3}  Sn^{+4}$ is incorrect ($Sn^{+4}$ is more stable than $Sn^{+2}$).$(e)$ Correct: $Sn^{+2}  Pb^{+4}$ is correct (stability of higher oxidation state decreases down the group).$(f)$ Incorrect: $Sn^{+4} Thus,statements $(c)$ and $(e)$ are correct.

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