Which of the following is involved in a sedimentary cycle?

Which of the following is $NOT$ included in a food chain?

In a forest, the clear vertical arrangement of plant growth forms according to their light needs is known as $........$

What is formed by the interactions between biological communities and their environment?

Surface water of a lake is enriched with:

Out of the total cost of various ecosystem services, the soil formation accounts for $P$, while contributions of other services like recreation and nutrient cycling are less than $Q$ each. The value of climate regulation and habitat for wildlife is about $R$ each. Identify $P, Q,$ and $R$.