When sunlight falls normally on Earth,a luminous flux density (illuminance) of $1.57 \times 10^5 \; lm/m^2$ is produced on Earth. The distance of Earth from the Sun is $1.5 \times 10^8 \; km$. The luminous intensity of the Sun in candela is:

Three plane mirrors form an equilateral triangle with each side of length $L$. There is a small hole at a distance $l > 0$ from one of the corners as shown in the figure. $A$ ray of light is passed through the hole at an angle $\theta$ and can only come out through the same hole. The cross section of the mirror configuration and the ray of light lie on the same plane.
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
$(A)$ The ray of light will come out for $\theta=30^{\circ}$, for $0 < l < L$.
$(B)$ There is an angle for $l=\frac{L}{2}$ at which the ray of light will come out after two reflections.
$(C)$ The ray of light will $NEVER$ come out for $\theta=60^{\circ}$, and $l=\frac{L}{3}$.
$(D)$ The ray of light will come out for $\theta=60^{\circ}$, and $0 < l < \frac{L}{2}$ after six reflections.

Write the names of instruments developed by the use of properties of reflection and refraction of mirrors,lenses,and prisms.

If the focal length of the objective lens is increased,then:

$A$ concave mirror and a converging lens (glass with $\mu = 1.5$) both have a focal length of $3 \, cm$ when in air. When they are in water $\left( \mu = \frac{4}{3} \right)$,what are their new focal lengths?

An object is placed at a distance of $50 \, cm$ in front of a convex mirror. $A$ plane mirror is inserted covering half of the convex mirror. If the distance between the object and the plane mirror is $30 \, cm$,it is observed that there is no parallax between the images formed by the two mirrors. The radius of curvature of the convex mirror is ..... $cm$.