What is the process of transmission of characters from parents to offspring called?

$A$ palaeontologist (a scientist who studies fossils) finds the fossil of an organism in a deeper layer of the Earth. What method will they use to estimate its age?

Does the genetic combination of mothers play a significant role in determining the sex of a newborn?

It is a commonly held misconception that the mother's egg is responsible for determining whether the baby will be a boy or a girl. But actually,it is the father's sperm that decides this. Which of the following makes the sperm the decisive factor?

In pea plants, which trait is dominant between height and dwarfness?

In the following crosses,write the characteristics of the progeny:

Cross	Progeny
$(a)$ $RR YY \times RR YY$ (Round,yellow $\times$ Round,yellow)	..........
$(b)$ $Rr Yy \times Rr Yy$ (Round,yellow $\times$ Round,yellow)	..........
$(c)$ $rr yy \times rr yy$ (Wrinkled,green $\times$ Wrinkled,green)	..........
$(d)$ $RR YY \times rr yy$ (Round,yellow $\times$ Wrinkled,green)	..........