Using thomson's model of the atom, consider an atom consisting of two electrons, each of charge $-e$, embeded in a sphere of charge $+2e$ and radius $R$. In equilibrium each electron is at a distance $d$ from the centre of the atom. What is the equilibrium separation between electrons

A charge $Q\;\mu C$ is placed at the centre of a cube, the flux coming out from any surfaces will be

A sphere of radius $R$ and charge $Q$ is placed inside a concentric imaginary sphere of radius $2R$. The flux associated with the imaginary sphere is

A circular disc of radius $R$ carries surface charge density $\sigma(r)=\sigma_0\left(1-\frac{r}{R}\right)$, where $\sigma_0$ is a constant and $r$ is the distance from the center of the disc. Electric flux through a large spherical surface that encloses the charged disc completely is $\phi_0$. Electric flux through another spherical surface of radius $\frac{R}{4}$ and concentric with the disc is $\phi$. Then the ratio $\frac{\phi_0}{\phi}$ is. . . . . .

$(a)$ An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks. Why not?

$(b)$ Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point?

A charged shell of radius $R$ carries a total charge $Q$. Given $\Phi$ as the flux of electric field through a closed cylindrical surface of height $h$, radius $r$ and with its center same as that of the shell. Here, center of the cylinder is a point on the axis of the cylinder which is equidistant from its top and bottom surfaces. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct ? $\epsilon_0$ is the permittivity of free space]

$(1)$ If $h >2 R$ and $r > R$ then $\Phi=\frac{ Q }{\epsilon_0}$

$(2)$ If $h <\frac{8 R }{5}$ and $r =\frac{3 R }{5}$ then $\Phi=0$

$(3)$ If $h >2 R$ and $r =\frac{4 K }{5}$ then $\Phi=\frac{ Q }{5 \epsilon_0}$

$(4)$ If $h >2 R$ and $r =\frac{3 K }{5}$ then $\Phi=\frac{ Q }{5 \epsilon_0}$