Use of bioresources by multinational companies and organisations without authorisation from the concerned country and its people is called

Petroleum-lysing bacteria are being engineered for the removal of oil spills. What is the most realistic danger of these bacteria to the environment?

$A$ : Some nations are developing laws to prevent unauthorised exploitation of their bioresources and traditional knowledge.
$R$ : Brazzein,a protein obtained from a West African plant,was isolated,sequenced,and patented in $U.S.A.$

Ignoring our traditional knowledge can prove costly in the area of biological patenting. Justify.

Define/Explain: Patent.

Which one of the following Indian institutions successfully challenged and got the $U$.$S$. patent on the medicinal properties of haldi (turmeric) cancelled?