The separated bands of $DNA$ are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel piece. This step is known as . . . . . . .

Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign $DNA$ in addition to a selectable marker?

Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.

Assertion : Insertion of recombinant $DNA$ within the coding sequence of $\beta -$ galactosidase results in colourless colonies.
Reason : Presence of insert results in inactivation of enzyme $\beta -$ galactosidase known as insertional inactivation.

In which step of $PCR$ do the primers anneal to the $DNA$ template?

Which system is not present in a bioreactor?