The respiratory loss of producers,herbivores,and carnivores are respectively:

Intermediate community between pioneer and climax communities is called

In a pond,we see plants which are free-floating; rooted-submerged; rooted-emergent; and rooted with floating leaves. Identify the type of plant for each of the following:

Plant Name	Type
$(1)$ Hydrilla	....................
$(2)$ Typha	....................
$(3)$ Nymphaea	....................
$(4)$ Lemna	....................
$(5)$ Vallisneria	....................

These belong to the category of primary consumers:

$A$ food chain consists of:

$A$ biogeochemical cycle without an atmospheric component is