The mineral element essential for the formation of insulin is

$A$: Diabetes insipidus is marked by excessive urination and intense thirst.
$R$: Anti-diuretic hormone $(ADH)$ is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland produces a secretion which causes a dramatic darkening of the skin of many fishes,amphibians and reptiles. It is

The hormone which promotes protein anabolism,absorption of calcium from the bowel and retards use of blood glucose for $ATP$ production is:

Hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland results in:

Degeneration of the anterior pituitary results in: