The laptop PCs,modern electronic watches,and calculators use the following for display:

Conductivity of a photodiode starts changing only if the wavelength of incident light is < 660 \, nm. The band gap of the photodiode is found to be $\left(\frac{x}{8}\right) eV$. The value of $x$ is: (Given, $h=6.6 \times 10^{-34} \, Js, c=3 \times 10^8 \, m/s, e=1.6 \times 10^{-19} \, C$)

$(i)$ Name the type of diode whose characteristics are shown in figure $(a)$ and figure $(b)$.
$(ii)$ What does the point $P$ in figure $(a)$ represent?
$(iii)$ What do the points $P$ and $Q$ in figure $(b)$ represent?

For three circuit elements $A, B$ and $C$,following observations were made in lab:
$(a)$ element $A$ cannot conduct $d.c.$ but allows $a.c.$ through it.
$(b)$ element $B$ conducts both $AC$ and $DC$ but in one direction only.
$(c)$ Element $C$,when connected across $DC$,conducts only for one polarity and emits light whose intensity first increases and then decreases with increase in applied voltage.
The elements $A, B$ and $C$ are respectively identified as

To measure light intensity,we use:

In optical fiber communication, an $APD$ semiconductor is used for: