The hexose monophosphate shunt is also called

The reduction of $NADP$ to $NADP·H_2$ is associated with:

Assertion $A$: Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy in living organisms.
Reason $R$: Glucose is the common substrate used in respiration.
Which option is correct for Assertion $A$ and Reason $R$?

Heat energy of plants is measured in

How many statements from the following are correct?
$(a)$ In plants,phosphorylation occurs by three different ways.
$(b)$ Substrate level phosphorylation is a direct phosphorylation of $ADP$ by transfer of a phosphate group from any suitable substance.
$(c)$ Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell only.
$(d)$ Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane only.

Mycotoplasm can be considered as a system consisting of: