The electrophile involved in the below reaction is:

Given below are two statements:
Statement $I$: Phenol on treatment with $CHCl_3 / aq. KOH$ under refluxing condition,followed by acidification produces $p$-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the major product and $o$-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the minor product.
Statement $II$: The mixture of $p$-hydroxybenzaldehyde and $o$-hydroxybenzaldehyde can be easily separated through steam distillation.
In the light of the above statements,choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The acidic property of phenol can be explained when it is reacted with:

Write the structures of the major products expected from the following reactions:
$(a)$ Mononitration of $3-$methylphenol
$(b)$ Dinitration of $3-$methylphenol
$(c)$ Mononitration of phenyl methanoate.

Phenol condenses with phthalic anhydride in the presence of conc. $H_2SO_4$ to form:

Which compound does not react with $NaHCO_3$?