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(C) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states because the energy difference between the $(n - 1) \, d$ orbitals and the $ns$ orbitals is ver

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$ns$ and $(n - 1) \, d$ only but not $np$

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(C) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states because the energy difference between the $(n - 1) \, d$ orbitals and the $ns$ orbitals is very small. Due to this small energy gap,electrons from both the $(n - 1) \, d$ subshell and the $ns$ subshell can participate in bond formation. Therefore,both $ns$ and $(n - 1) \, d$ electrons are involved in exhibiting variable oxidation states.

The electrons which take part in order to exhibit variable oxidation states by transition metals are

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