The ease of nitration of the following three | vedclass

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(C) Nitration is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The rate of reaction depends on the electron density of the benzene ring. Higher ele

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$III > II > I$

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(C) Nitration is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The rate of reaction depends on the electron density of the benzene ring. Higher electron density leads to faster nitration.$(I)$ Toluene has one methyl group $(-CH_3)$ which is electron-donating by the inductive effect $(+I)$ and hyperconjugation.$(II)$ $m$-Xylene has two methyl groups. The electron density is increased by two methyl groups.$(III)$ $p$-Xylene has two methyl groups. Similar to $m$-xylene,it has two electron-donating groups.Comparing $m$-xylene and $p$-xylene: In $p$-xylene,the two methyl groups are at the para positions,which provides more effective stabilization of the intermediate arenium ion compared to $m$-xylene due to the resonance and hyperconjugation effects being more pronounced at the para position relative to the site of electrophilic attack.Thus,the order of reactivity is $p$-xylene $(III)$ > $m$-xylene $(II)$ > toluene $(I)$.

The ease of nitration of the following three hydrocarbons follows the order: $(I)$ Toluene,$(II)$ $m$-Xylene,$(III)$ $p$-Xylene.

Similar Questions

Which position will be attacked most rapidly by the nitronium ion $(NO_2)^+$ when the compound undergoes nitration with $HNO_3 / H_2SO_4$?

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