The early settlers on a barren area are

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(C) Lichens are the pioneer species or early settlers on a barren area (primary succession).They are capable of tolerating extreme environmental condi

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Lichens

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(C) Lichens are the pioneer species or early settlers on a barren area (primary succession).They are capable of tolerating extreme environmental conditions such as intense heat during summer or excessive cold during winter nights.They secrete organic acids like lichen acids and carbonic acid.These acids slowly corrode the rock surface,which helps in the process of weathering and releases minerals required for the growth of lichens and subsequent colonization by other plants.

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