Splitting of signals in $NMR$ spectroscopy is caused by

Write a note on addition compounds of alcohol in aldehyde and ketone. $OR$ What are hemiacetal,acetal and ketal compounds? Give examples.

Give the chemical conversions for the following:
$(i)$ $2-$Hydroxy$-2-$methylpropanoic acid from acetone
$(ii)$ Ethane from ethanol

When liquid $A$ is treated with a freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution,it gives a bright silver mirror. The liquid forms a white crystalline solid on treatment with sodium hydrogensulphite. Liquid $B$ also forms a white crystalline solid with sodium hydrogensulphite but it does not give a test with ammoniacal silver nitrate. Which of the two liquids is an aldehyde? Write the chemical equations of these reactions also.

Which of the following reagents must be used in the given interconversion? The reaction involves the reduction of $4$-hydroxycyclohexanone to cyclohexanol,where the carbonyl group is reduced to a methylene group while the hydroxyl group remains unaffected.

Which of the following will be most readily dehydrated in acidic conditions?