Seedless fruits in Vitis are formed due to

....... discovered during the archaeological excavation at king Herod's palace near....

In which of the following plants, cotyledons form the first pair of leaves

$A$ : Nucellus remains persistent in the seeds of black pepper

$R$ : It is haploid parenchymatous tissue.

'Fertilisation is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants'. Explain the statement.

Viability of lupine seed is