Pressure-volume $(pV)$ work done by an ideal gaseous system at constant volume is (where $E$ is internal energy of the system):

The rate of diffusion of hydrogen gas is

Write the formula for partial pressure.

Fill in the blanks:
$(1)$ The properties of gases were first measured by ......... .
$(2)$ The dipole-dipole interaction energy between stationary polar molecules is proportional to .......... .
$(3)$ The interaction energy between rotating polar molecules is proportional to .......... .
$(4)$ The bond energy of a hydrogen bond is about ......... $kJ \ mol^{-1}$.

Gaseous state is characterised by which of the following physical properties?
$I$. Gases mix evenly and completely in all proportions without any mechanical aid.
$II$. Gases exert pressure in all directions evenly.
$III$. Gases are highly compressible and have lower density than liquids and solids.
$IV$. The volume and shape of the gas is fixed.

The behaviour of matter in different states is governed by various physical laws. According to you,what are the factors that determine the state of matter?