Neutrino is a particle which $\qquad$

$A$ nucleus with $Z = 92$ emits $\alpha, \alpha, \beta^-, \beta^-, \alpha, \alpha, \alpha, \alpha, \beta^-, \beta^-, \alpha, \beta^+, \beta^+, \alpha$ particles in sequence. What is the $Z$ of the resulting nucleus?

In a radioactive decay process, the negatively charged emitted $\beta -$ particles are

$A$ radioactive nucleus ${}_{Z}^{A}X$ undergoes spontaneous decay in the sequence ${}_{Z}^{A}X \rightarrow {}_{Z-1}B \rightarrow {}_{Z-3}C \rightarrow {}_{Z-2}D$,where $Z$ is the atomic number of element $X$. The possible decay particles in the sequence are:

In the following nuclear reaction,$x$ stands for: $n \rightarrow p + e^{-} + x$

Alpha rays emitted from a radioactive substance are: