Match the names of the scientists given in column $A$ with their contributions towards the understanding of the atomic structure as given in column $B$.
Column $A$ Column $B$
$(a)$ Ernest Rutherford$(i)$ Indivisibility of atoms
$(b)$ $J$.$J$. Thomson$(ii)$ Stationary orbits
$(c)$ Dalton$(iii)$ Concept of nucleus
$(d)$ Neils Bohr$(iv)$ Discovery of electrons
$(e)$ James Chadwick$(v)$ Atomic number
$(f)$ $E$. Goldstein$(vi)$ Neutron
$(g)$ Mosley$(vii)$ Canal rays

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(A) $(a)-(iii)$: Ernest Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom, introducing the concept of the nucleus.
$(b)-(iv)$: $J$.$J$. Thomson discovered the electron through his cathode ray experiments.
$(c)-(i)$: John Dalton proposed the atomic theory, which stated that atoms are indivisible.
$(d)-(ii)$: Neils Bohr proposed that electrons revolve in discrete stationary orbits around the nucleus.
$(e)-(vi)$: James Chadwick discovered the neutron.
$(f)-(vii)$: $E$. Goldstein discovered canal rays (protons) in a discharge tube.
$(g)-(v)$: Henry Moseley discovered the concept of atomic number.

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The electron distribution in an aluminium atom is

Write the charge and mass of an electron.

$(a)$ Why did Rutherford choose gold and not any other lighter element (such as aluminium) for his experiment? Explain your answer giving two reasons.
$(b)$ Write the name and symbol of the particle chosen by Rutherford for bombardment against the gold foil in his experiment.

Give reasons for the following:
$(a)$ Isotopes of an element are chemically similar.
$(b)$ An atom is electrically neutral.
$(c)$ Noble gases show least reactivity.
$(d)$ Nucleus of an atom is heavy and positively charged.
$(e)$ Ions are more stable than atoms.

What information do you get from the figure about the atomic number,mass number,and valency of atoms $X$,$Y$,and $Z$? Give your answer in a tabular form.

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