In a humid climate,the presence of spines in shrubs is primarily:

  • A
    To reduce transpiration
  • B
    To defend against mammal herbivory
  • C
    To defend against wood cutters
  • D
    To check seed predation by birds

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Match the columns:
Column-$I$Column-$II$
$(a)$ Predation$(i)$ Cuscuta and hedge plant
$(b)$ Commensalism$(ii)$ Balanus and Chathamalus
$(c)$ Parasitism$(iii)$ Cactus and Moth
$(d)$ Competition$(iv)$ Orchid and Mango

$A$ : Fig species and wasp have a tight one-to-one relationship.
$R$ : Angiosperms and insects are coevolved to perform a plant-pollinator interaction.

Which of the following plants produces a poisonous cardiac glycoside chemical?

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