Identify the two reactions $A(I \rightarrow II)$ and $B(I \rightarrow III)$ respectively in the following set of reactions.

Which of the following reactions does not result in the chlorination of benzene?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $(A)$ and the other is labelled as Reason $(R)$.
Assertion $(A)$ : Chlorine is an electron withdrawing group but it is ortho,para directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Reason $(R)$ : Inductive effect of chlorine destabilises the intermediate carbocation formed during the electrophilic substitution,however due to the more pronounced resonance effect,the halogen stabilises the carbocation at ortho and para positions.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

Give the product of the following reaction sequence:

Why does the presence of a $-NO_2$ group at the $o,p$-positions increase the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions?

$p-$Nitrotoluene on further nitration gives :