Idea of productivity of an ecosystem can be had from
Pyramid of number
Pyramid of biomass
Height of the plant
Development of foliage
Stratifications is more common in
The organisms which participate most actively in nitrogen cycle in nature are
Osmotrophs belong to
$A$ : Neither the community modifies environment nor the environment forces the community to leave the place in climax stage of succession.
$R$ : Climax community is xerophytic in most of the types of succession.
Which are the biotic components of forest ecosystem