How are gamma rays produced?

The radionuclide $^{11} C$ decays according to
$_{6}^{11} C \rightarrow_{5}^{11} B + e^{+} + \nu: \quad T_{1/2} = 20.3 \; min$
The maximum energy of the emitted positron is $0.960 \; MeV$. Given the mass values:
$m(_{6}^{11} C) = 11.011434 \; u$ and $m(_{5}^{11} B) = 11.009305 \; u$
Calculate $Q$ and compare it with the maximum energy of the positron emitted.

Assertion : The ionising power of $\beta$-particle is less compared to $\alpha$-particles but their penetrating power is more.
Reason : The mass of $\beta$-particle is less than the mass of $\alpha$-particles.

$_{90}^{232}Th$,an isotope of thorium,decays in ten stages,emitting six $\alpha$-particles and four $\beta$-particles in total. The end product of the decay is:

Which of the following is not emitted during the radioactive decay of a radioactive element?

The decay of a proton to a neutron is: