Heart beats are affected by

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(D) The heart rate is regulated by both neural and chemical factors.$1$. Neural regulation: The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate. The

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All the above

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(D) The heart rate is regulated by both neural and chemical factors.$1$. Neural regulation: The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate,while the parasympathetic nervous system,specifically the $Vagus$ nerve,decreases it.$2$. Chemical regulation: The concentration of gases like $CO_2$ and $O_2$ in the blood affects the heart rate. An increase in $CO_2$ levels (hypercapnia) or a decrease in $O_2$ levels (hypoxia) stimulates chemoreceptors,which in turn signal the cardiovascular center to increase the heart rate.Therefore,all the given options affect the heart rate.

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