| Light reaction | Dark reaction |
| $(1)$ Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast. | $(1)$ Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. |
| $(2)$ Light is essential for this phase. | $(2)$ Light is not directly required for this phase. |
| $(3)$ $O_2$ is released due to the photolysis of water. | $(3)$ $CO_2$ fixation occurs in this phase. |
| $(4)$ It is the first phase of photosynthesis. | $(4)$ It is the second phase of photosynthesis. |
| $(5)$ $NADPH$ and $ATP$ are produced. | $(5)$ $NADPH$ and $ATP$ are consumed for the reduction of $PGA$. |
| Mesophyll cells | Bundle sheath cells |
| $(1)$ Present in both monocot and dicot leaves. | $(1)$ Present in $C_4$ plants,surrounding the vascular bundles. |
| $(2)$ Chloroplasts contain well-developed grana. | $(2)$ Chloroplasts are often agranal (lack grana). |
| $(3)$ Primary $CO_2$ fixation occurs here in $C_4$ plants. | $(3)$ Calvin cycle ($C_3$ cycle) occurs here. |
| $(4)$ Not typically arranged in a ring around vascular bundles. | $(4)$ Arranged in a ring (Kranz anatomy) around vascular bundles. |
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