The fungal partner of a lichen is commonly known as:

Match the following columns:

Column-$I$ (Virus)	Column-$II$ (Type of Genetic Material)
$P$. Animal virus	$I$. $ssRNA$
$Q$. Plant virus	$II$. $dsRNA$ or $dsDNA$ or $ssRNA$
$R$. Bacterial virus	$III$. $dsDNA$

Read the following statements carefully and identify correct statements $w.r.t.$ Lichens:
$a.$ The association cannot tolerate air pollution,especially due to sulphur dioxide.
$b.$ Lichens are annuals and their growth is slow.
$c.$ The fungal partner mostly belongs to Ascomycetes.
$d.$ Soredia are most efficient means of asexual reproduction.
$e.$ Orchids seldom occur without this association.
$f.$ Foliose lichens are pioneers of succession in a water body.

Which of the following statements is true regarding viruses?

Assertion $(A)$: Viroids lack the protective protein coat known as the capsid.
Reason $(R)$: Viroids contain a short strand of $DNA$.

Which of the following acts as a pollution indicator?