The first type of respiration that arose on Earth was:

Conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid depends upon

The following diagram shows the main pathways of anaerobic respiration. What are $P, Q$ and $R$?

Fermentation is carried out by $.........$.

The bacterial decomposition of nitrogenous organic compounds in the absence of abundant oxygen usually results in the formation of substances with an offensive odour,chiefly sulphur compounds. Such anaerobic decomposition is called:

In alcohol fermentation, . . . . . . of energy in glucose is released and not all of it is trapped as high energy bonds of $ATP$.