Fill in the blanks:
Species $A$ Species $B$ Type of Interaction Example
$+$ $-$ $(a)$ $(b)$
$+$ $+$ $(c)$ $(d)$
$+$ $(e)$ Commensalism $(f)$

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(A) Parasitism: In this interaction,one species benefits $(+)$ while the other is harmed $(-)$.
$(b)$ Cuscuta: It is a parasitic plant that derives nutrition from the host plant.
$(c)$ Mutualism: In this interaction,both species benefit $(+)$.
$(d)$ Lichen: It represents a mutualistic relationship between algae and fungi.
$(e)$ $0$: In commensalism,one species benefits $(+)$ and the other is neither harmed nor benefited $(0)$.
$(f)$ Orchid on mango branch: The orchid (epiphyte) gets support,while the mango tree is unaffected.

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Epiphytes that are growing on a mango branch is an example of which of the following?

Statements
$I.$ Recent studies support competition as suggested in 'Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle'.
$II.$ Gause's hypothesis states that if two species compete for the same resources,then one will be eliminated by the other species.
$III.$ More recent studies point out that species facing competition might evolve mechanisms that promote co-existence rather than exclusion.
$IV.$ Gause's competitive exclusion principle is effective when resources are in excess.
$V.$ Unlimited resources give better opportunity for adaptation.
Choose the correct combination of statements.

Match List-$I$ with List-$II$.
List-$I$ (Interacting species)List-$II$ (Name of interaction)
$A$. $A$ Leopard and a Lion in a forest/grassland$I$. Competition
$B$. $A$ Cuckoo laying egg in a Crow's nest$II$. Brood parasitism
$C$. Fungi and root of a higher plant in Mycorrhizae$III$. Mutualism
$D$. $A$ cattle egret and a Cattle in a field$IV$. Commensalism

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

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