(N/A) Old method of nomenclature and controversy:
$\rightarrow$ The naming of new elements was traditionally the privilege of the discoverer,and the suggested name was ratified by the $IUPAC$. In recent years,this has led to controversy. New elements with very high atomic numbers are so unstable that only minute quantities,sometimes only a few atoms,are obtained.
- Their synthesis and characterization require highly sophisticated,costly equipment and laboratories. Such work is carried out with a competitive spirit in only a few laboratories worldwide.
$\rightarrow$ Scientists,before collecting reliable data on a new element,are sometimes tempted to claim its discovery. For example,both American and Soviet scientists claimed credit for discovering element $104$.
- The Americans named it Rutherfordium,whereas the Soviets named it Kurchatovium.
- To avoid such problems,the $IUPAC$ recommended that until a new element's discovery is proven and its name is officially recognized,a systematic nomenclature be derived directly from the atomic number of the element using numerical roots for $0$ and $1-9$.
- The roots are put together in the order of the digits that make up the atomic number,and "ium" is added at the end.
$(B)$ Digit,Name,and Abbreviation table:
| $Digit$ | $0$ | $1$ | $2$ | $3$ | $4$ | $5$ | $6$ | $7$ | $8$ | $9$ |
| $Name$ | nil | un | bi | tri | quad | pent | hex | sept | oct | enn |
| $Abbreviation$ | $n$ | $u$ | $b$ | $t$ | $q$ | $p$ | $h$ | $s$ | $o$ | $e$ |