| Atomic orbitals | Hybrid orbitals |
|---|---|
| Atomic orbitals have different energies. | Hybrid orbitals are of the same type and have the same energy. |
| Atomic orbitals have different shapes. | Hybrid orbitals have the same shape. |
| Atomic orbitals can form both $\sigma$ and $\pi$ bonds. | Hybrid orbitals form only $\sigma$ bonds. |
| Atomic orbitals undergo hybridization before bond formation. | Hybrid orbitals directly participate in bond formation. |
| Atomic orbitals may contain lone pairs or unpaired electrons. | Hybrid orbitals can contain lone pairs or participate in bonding. |
| Rearrangement of electrons in atomic orbitals is possible in the excited state. | After hybridization,the electron configuration remains stable. |
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