Identify the plant belonging to the reed-swamp stage in hydrarch succession.

The trophic level of a lion in a forest ecosystem is:

$A$ biogeochemical cycle without an atmospheric component is

Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession based on the following examples:
$I-$ Abandoned farmland
$II-$ Burned or cut forests
$III-$ Newly cooled lava
$IV -$ Bare rock
$V -$ Flooded lands
$VI -$ Newly created pond or reservoir
Identify the correct grouping for primary succession and secondary succession respectively.

The community that starts the succession in a particular area is called the .......

In a forest, the clear vertical arrangement of plant growth forms according to their light needs is known as $........$