(N/A) Spore formation: It is a method of asexual reproduction where organisms produce tiny,unicellular,reproductive bodies called spores. These spores are covered by thick walls to withstand unfavorable conditions and develop into new individuals upon germination.
$(b)$ Regeneration: It is the ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts. In some organisms,if the body is cut into pieces,each piece can grow into a complete new organism.
$(c)$ Multiple fission: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single parent cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously,often occurring under unfavorable conditions.