Hugo de Vries discarded the principle of which of the following scientists while proposing his mutation theory?

Given below are two statements regarding evolution.
Statement-$I$: Natural selection is the establishment of a phenotypic trait in changing environmental conditions.
Statement-$II$: Natural selection encourages those genes or traits that ensure highest degree of adaptive efficiency between population and its environment.
In the light of above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

In the case of the peppered moth $(Biston \text{ } betularia)$, the dark-colored form became more prevalent than the light-colored form in England during the Industrial Revolution. This is an example of:

Define the following terms: $Genetic \ drift$ and $Gene \ migration$ $(Gene \ flow)$.

Sympatric speciation is also known as

Organic evolution would not have taken place: