Darwin judged the fitness of an individual by

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Darwin began to realise that under the intense competition of members in a population, any variation which favoured survival in a particular environme

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Dominance over other individuals

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Darwin began to realise that under the intense competition of members in a population, any variation which favoured survival in a particular environment would increase that individual's ability to reproduce and leave fertile offspring. Less favourable variations would be at a disadvantage and organisms possessing them would therefore, have their chances of successful reproduction decreased. The survival of the fittest is a result of selection and proliferation of only those organisms which were most suitably adapted to the environment.

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