Chloroplast fixes:

Assertion : Cyclic pathway of photosynthesis first appeared in some eubacterial species.
Reason : Oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere after the non-cyclic pathway of photosynthesis evolved.

Assertion: Photosynthetically,$C_4$ plants are less efficient than $C_3$ plants.
Reason: The operation of the $C_4$ pathway requires the involvement of only bundle-sheath cells.

Which of the following photosynthetic bacteria have both $PS-I$ and $PS-II$?

Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation both require the electron carrier

Diffusion, a process that occurs along the concentration gradient, is actively involved in: