Cardiac output is determined by.

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(D) Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.It is calculated by the formula: $	ext{Cardiac Output} = 	e

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both $(1)$ and $(2)$

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(D) Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.It is calculated by the formula: $	ext{Cardiac Output} = 	ext{Stroke Volume} 	imes 	ext{Heart Rate}$.Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in one beat (approximately $70 	ext{ mL}$).Heart rate is the number of beats per minute (approximately $72 	ext{ beats/min}$).Therefore, cardiac output depends on both heart rate and stroke volume.

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Assertion $A$: In an open circulatory system,the blood volume is high,but the blood pressure is low and irregular.
Reason $R$: In a closed circulatory system,the blood volume is limited,and the blood pressure is high and regular.
Which option is correct for Assertion $A$ and Reason $R$?

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