Broad-leaved forests of oak are found in

In hydrarch succession,the reed swamp stage is preceded by

Which one of the following statements is incorrect for secondary succession?

Consider the following statements concerning food chains.
$I$. Removal of $80\; \%$ tigers from an area resulted in greatly increased growth of vegetation.
$II.$ Removal of most of the carnivores resulted in an increased population of deers.
$III.$ The length of food chains is generally limited to $3$ to $4$ trophic levels due to energy loss.
$IV.$ The length of food chains may vary from $2$ to $8$ trophic levels.
Which two of the above statements are correct?

The first plants to reappear in a badly burned forest area will most probably be

The bulk fixation of carbon through photosynthesis takes place in